Ten days later, workers at an oil-pumping station in Novozybkov, a small town in Russia’s Bryansk region, found a small bomb that officials said was probably dropped from a drone. Later that day, in Rostov-on-Don, a building of the Federal Security Service, or FSB, exploded in flames — the latest in a string of mysterious fires across western Russia.
More than a year after President Vladimir Putin unleashed his invasion, Russia’s war in Ukraine is also being fought on Russian soil, and Moscow is scrambling to protect its borders. The war Putin expected to win quickly now encroaches daily on the lives of Russian citizens, with frequent reports of fires, drone attacks and shelling.
Events from Feb. 24, 2022, to March 10, 2023
Shelling, artillery, missile, air and drone strikes.
Moscow
IN RUSSIA
BELARUS
POLAND
Area held by
Russia-backed
separatists
since 2014
Kyiv
IN UKRAINE
SLO.
HUN.
MOL.
ROMANIA
Annexed
by Russia
in 2014
Black Sea
200 MILES
Source: Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project.
Each event may include multiple individual strikes.
Some events may not be included due to data availability.
Data as of March 10.
Events from Feb. 24, 2022, to March 10, 2023
Russia
and
Ukraine
Shelling, artillery, missile, air and drone strikes in
Moscow
RUSSIA
BELARUS
POLAND
Kyiv
Area held by
Russia-backed
separatists
since 2014
KAZ.
UKRAINE
SLO.
HUN.
MOL.
Sea
of Azov
ROMANIA
Annexed
by Russia
in 2014
Black Sea
BULGARIA
200 MILES
Source: Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project. Each event may include multiple individual strikes.
Some events may not be included due to data availability. Data as of March 10.
Ukraine and its citizens, of course, are bearing the overwhelming brunt of suffering in the war. More than 8,000 civilians have been killed, according to the United Nations. Millions are displaced; whole cities have been reduced to rubble.
But the longer the onslaught drags on, the more real it becomes for Russians, especially those living in border regions. Putin had hoped to shield his citizens — even from the word “war,” by calling it a “special military operation.” Now, he has ordered a tightening of border security — not in the four Ukrainian regions he claims, illegally, to have annexed — but along the internationally recognized border with Russia itself. Air defense systems are being deployed in Moscow and other locations.
Ukraine says its military is operating only in its own territory. Privately, however, officials have acknowledged a Ukrainian role in some dramatic strikes, including an explosion on the Crimean Bridge in October. In the case of the FSB fire in Rostov, an adviser to President Volodymyr Zelensky tweeted, “Ukraine doesn’t interfere, but watches with pleasure.”
Drone strikes
In the early months of the invasion, only sites very close to the Russia-Ukraine border were targeted by drone strikes, mainly ammunition depots and fuel tanks. Over time, the reach of these strikes has grown longer and longer, approaching Moscow.
Drone strikes and drone explosions
in Russia
April 2022
Sept. 2022
March 2023
Moscow
RUSSIA
Military airfield
Russian built
fortifications
Oil storage
facilities
Military
airfield
Military airfield
Power
plant
Area held by
Russia-backed
separatists
since 2014
Kyiv
KAZ.
UKRAINE
Oil refinery
Russian-held
areas
-
Annexed by
Russia in 2014
100 MILES
Oil refinery
Note: Attack events within 5 miles of each other are grouped together. Each event may include multiple individual strikes. Some events may not be included due to data availability. Data as of Mar. 10.
Drone strikes and drone explosions in Russia
April 2022
Sept. 2022
March 2023
Moscow
Ulyanoysk
Ryazan
Smolensk
Samara
Military airfield
Penza
BEL.
Bryansk
Russian built
fortifications
Oil storage facilities
Border
RUSSIA
Saratov
checkpoint
Military airfield
Voronezsh
Kursk
Military airfield
Tyotkino
Power plant
Belgorod
Kyiv
KAZ.
Kharkiv
Area held by
Russia-backed
separatists
since 2014
Volgograd
UKRAINE
Dnipro
Oil refinery
Rostov
Astrakhan
Odessa
Sea of Azov
Caspian
Sea
Stavropol
CRIMEA
Krasnodar
Black Sea
Annexed by
Russia in 2014
Oil refinery
100 MILES
Note: Events within 5 miles of each other are grouped together. Each event may include multiple individual strikes. Some events may not be included due to data availability. Data as of March 10.
Drone strikes and drone explosions in Russia
April 2022
Sept. 2022
March 2023
Moscow
Ulyanoysk
Ryazan
Smolensk
Military
airfield
Samara
Military
airfield
Penza
BEL.
Bryansk
Oil storage
facilities
Russian built
fortifications
Border
RUSSIA
Saratov
checkpoint
Military
airfield
Voronezsh
Kursk
Military
airfield
Tyotkino
Power
plant
Belgorod
Kyiv
KAZ.
Kharkiv
Volgograd
UKRAINE
Area held by
Russia-backed
separatists
since 2014
Dnipro
Donetsk
Oil refinery
Rostov
Astrakhan
Odessa
Sea of Azov
Caspian
Sea
CRIMEA
Stavropol
Krasnodar
Annexed by
Russia in 2014
Oil refinery
100 MILES
Black Sea
Note: Events within 5 miles of each other are grouped together. Each event may include multiple individual strikes. Some events may not be included due to data availability. Data as of March 10.
Late last month, a military drone attempted to strike a gas compression station, a key part of the region’s energy grid, in Kolomna, about 50 miles south of the Kremlin, according to senior Russian officials.
Images of the drone posted to social media indicate it was a Ukrainian-made UJ-22, produced by Ukrjet, with a claimed flying range of 800 kilometers, or about 500 miles. The attack was unsuccessful. The drone brushed treetops and fell a few yards from the station’s fence. Still, it came alarmingly close to Russia’s capital.
In December, Ukrainian drones carried out a double strike on the Saratov Engels-2 air base, which houses Russia’s strategic nuclear bombers.
There have been at least 27 publicly reported drone attacks on high-value targets in Russia, primarily military bases, airfields and energy facilities. In some cases, drones crashed or were shot down before reaching their targets. At least three drones crashed near Astrakhan, a city close to the Caspian Sea near where Russia fires missiles into Ukraine.
A drone hit Dyagilevo airfield in Ryazan in December, and another exploded in October near Shaikovka airfield in the Kaluga region, which hosts the 52nd Guards Heavy Bomber Aviation Regiment.
The attacks have not caused widespread damage to military assets but serve to demoralize Russian forces, according to Ian Matveev, a Russian military analyst.
“When you have a drone that carries small explosives, it is unlikely to do much physical damage, but it’s a big reputational blow,” Matveev said.
The second main type of attack, Matveev said, primarily has targeted military warehouses and ammunition depots near the Ukrainian border, aiming to deplete Russian supplies.
Energy targets are of less value, he said. “The efficacy of targeting oil warehouses is probably the lowest, as Russia is a giant oil producer and it’s not possible to significantly disrupt the supplies,” Matveev said. “But you still can create local crises by targeting sites storing fuel that is urgently needed in that location.”
Air defenses
The two successful strikes at the Engels-2 airfield in December appear to have greatly alarmed the Russian leadership. Since then, Russia has deployed new air defenses to protect Moscow.
The Pantsir missile system was sighted atop
several buildings in Moscow’s city center,
including one system at the Defense Ministry.
In December 2022,
Moscow’s first air defense
system was installed in the
Timiryazevsky District.
An air defense system
was sighted six miles from
Putin’s Novo-Ogaryovo
residence.
Moscow
Defense
Ministry
Putin’s
residence
Russian forces installed
a Pantsir-S1 system across
from Luzhniki Stadium,
where Putin held a rally
on Feb. 22.
Several air defense systems
were installed near the
Ostafyevo airport, which
serves both the military
and commercial airlines.
5 MILES
In December 2022,
Moscow’s first air-defense
system was installed in the
Timiryazevsky District.
An air defense system
was sighted six miles from
Putin’s Novo-Ogaryovo
residence.
The Pantsir missile system
was sighted atop several
buildings in Moscow’s city center,
including one system at the
Defense Ministry.
Moscow
Putin’s
residence
Defense
Ministry
Russian forces installed
a Pantsir-S1 system across
from Luzhniki Stadium,
where Putin held a rally
on Feb. 22.
Several air defense systems
were installed near the
Ostafyevo airport, which
serves both the military
and commercial airlines.
5 MILES
In recent months, air defense systems such as the Pantsir-S1 and S-400 were lifted with heavy cranes and perched on rooftops or placed in city parks. Analysts noted that three systems in central Moscow — on the roofs of the Defense Ministry, the local Interior Ministry headquarters and a business center — effectively form a dome over the Kremlin.
“Moscow probably has the densest air defense coverage of any city on Earth,” said Dara Massicot, a senior researcher at Rand Corp.
Beginning around mid-January, similar systems were spotted farther out in the capital.
Before the invasion, residents of a housing complex on the edge of Losiny Ostrov National Park enjoyed serene views of a forest stretching for several miles east. But in January, residents woke up to the sight of several air defense systems nestled in a clearing between a dog run and a creek.
Alarmed residents complained to the authorities, who responded by citing national security needs, reported the Insider, a Russian investigative outlet.
Placing such missile systems so close to residential areas can be dangerous, Matveev said, noting that the missiles can fly off course or detonate accidentally.
“Each has a warhead and is fueled,” he said. “Imagine if there is a fire, then what kind of blast is going to happen within the city limits.”
New fortifications
Since the invasion started, Russian authorities have reported more than 300 strikes involving shelling, artillery or missiles in Russian border villages and towns, and at least 40 casualties, according to the Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project (ACLED).
Shelling, artillery and missile
events in Russia
April. 2022
March. 2023
Sept. 2022
BEL.
RUS.
UKR.
Detail
RUSSIA
Russian-built
fortifications
In the fall, Russian
authorities reported
shelling events
in Belgorod and
neighboring towns.
Kursk
Sumy
Belgorod
Reports indicate
repeated shelling
in border town
Tyotkino since
April 2022.
Krasnoe
Kharkiv
Russian-held
area
UKRAINE
50 MILES
Note: Attack events within 5 miles of each other are grouped together. Each event may include multiple individual strikes. Some events may not be included due to data availability. Data as of Mar. 10.
Shelling, artillery and missile events in Russia
April 2022
March 2023
Sept. 2022
BEL.
UKR.
Detail
RUS.
Russian-built
fortifications
RUSSIA
In the fall, Russian
authorities reported
shelling events
in Belgorod and
neighboring towns.
Kursk
Sumy
Reports indicate
repeated shelling
in border town
Tyotkino since
April 2022.
Belgorod
Krasnoe
Kharkiv
Russian-held
area
UKRAINE
50 MILES
Note: Events within 5 miles of each other are grouped together. Each event may include multiple individual strikes. Some events may not be included due to data availability. Data as of March 10.
Shelling, artillery and missile events in Russia
April 2022
March 2023
Sept. 2022
BEL.
Novozybkov
UKR.
Detail
RUS.
Russian-built
fortifications
RUSSIA
Shostka
Kursk
In the fall, Russian
authorities reported
shelling events
in Belgorod and
neighboring towns.
Staryi Oskol
Reports indicate
repeated shelling
in border town
Tyotkino since
April 2022.
Guevo
Sumy
Belgorod
Krasnoe
Staryi Khutor
UKRAINE
Kharkiv
Lubny
Russian-held
area
50 MILES
Note: Events within 5 miles of each other are grouped together. Each event may include multiple individual strikes. Some events may not be included due to data availability. Data as of March 10.
Shelling, artillery and missile events in Russia
April 2022
March 2023
Sept. 2022
BEL.
Novozybkov
UKR.
Detail
RUS.
Russian-built
fortifications
RUSSIA
Shostka
Kursk
In the fall, Russian
authorities reported shelling events
in Belgorod and neighboring towns.
Staryi Oskol
Reports indicate
repeated shelling
in border town
Tyotkino since
April 2022.
Guevo
Sumy
Belgorod
Krasnoe
Staryi Khutor
UKRAINE
Lubny
Kharkiv
Russian-held
area
50 MILES
Note: Events within 5 miles of each other are grouped together. Each event may include multiple individual strikes. Some events may not be included due to data availability. Data as of March 10.
Some villages have been evacuated, several schools in the area have switched to online classes, and government social media pages are often flooded with pleas from unsettled residents asking to protect them from hostilities.
Local officials have blamed these attacks on Ukraine, but many happen in remote areas and there is little video evidence, making it impossible to verify the Russian claims.
Such reports, however, have been leveraged by local authorities to demand patriotic support for the war and to justify initiatives such as digging trenches and building “dragon teeth” — cement pyramids meant to stop an enemy’s ground attack — along the entire recognized border with Ukraine.
Shelling, artillery and
missile events in Russia
50
40
30
20
10
0
Feb. 2022
Oct. 2022
Feb. 2023
Source: Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project
Shelling, artillery and
missile events in Russia
50
40
30
20
10
0
Feb. 2022
Oct. 2022
Feb. 2023
Source: Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project
Shelling, artillery and missile events in Russia
50
40
30
20
10
0
Feb. 2022
June 2022
Oct. 2022
Feb. 2023
Source: Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project
The Belgorod region, one of the main staging grounds for Russian forces, began installing fortifications as early as April 2022. The fortifications have been rebranded as the “zasechnaya line,” a medieval term referring to a line of reinforcements created on the southern borders of the Russian Tsardom in the 16th and 17th centuries to protect it from attacks of the Crimean Khanate.
Two other border regions — Kursk and Bryansk — began construction in the fall after a series of Russian military defeats. In a mini-documentary produced by a local state-financed TV station, Bryansk governor Alexander Bogomaz said the Defense Ministry had ordered digging to start in early December.
The cost of the fortifications is high. The Belgorod region alone spent about $132 million on the project. But military experts and even some pro-war Russian commentators agree that they are largely useless, because there is virtually no chance Ukrainian forces will launch a ground attack on Russian territory.
In recent weeks, Russia has also been actively placing similar fortifications in occupied Crimea and other territories it holds in southern Ukraine, which may suggest Moscow is afraid of losing them.
“I tend to view these things as like kind of a road map of their anxiety and what they’re worried about,” said Massicot, the Rand analyst.
Satellite imagery of two narrow land bridges to Crimea from mainland Ukraine shows recently built defenses in Armiansk and Medvedivka . “The Russian military seems to understand they may have to defend Crimea in the near future,” Matveev said.
About this report
Shelling, artillery, missile, drone and airstrike data provided by ACLED. Event data as of March 10. Control-area data as of March 15 is from the Institute for the Study of War. Brady Africk, who analyzed satellite imagery from the Copernicus Open Access Hub, provided fortifications data, which does not include all fortifications in Russia; some defenses predate Russia’s full-scale invasion. Locations of air defense systems were first reported by the Insider. Base map data is from OpenStreetMap.
Editing by David M. Herszenhorn, Samuel Granados and Reem Akkad.
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